.The article covers the and of from its emergence as an empire under the to its current form as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as well as the history of other areas in what is now Ethiopia such as the. The (Abyssinia) was first founded by Ethiopian people in the. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other primarily -speaking communities, including, and, among others.One of the earliest kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of in the 10th century BC, which established its capital at. In the first century AD the rose to power in the with its capital at and grew into a major power on the, subjugating and and converting to in the early fourth century. The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of in the Arabian peninsula which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum and it eventually became isolated then economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region was over.

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The Aksumites gave way to the who established a new capital at, before giving way to the in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that made it dominate the. Portuguese missionaries arrived at this time.In 1529, a ( Futuh al-Habash) by the -allied Muslim devastated the highlands, and was only deterred by a Portuguese intervention. With both Portuguese-allied Highlanders and Adal greatly weakened by the war, the were able to expand into the highlands, conquering the remains of the Adal Sultanate and pushing deep into the north. The Portuguese presence also increased, while the Ottomans began to push into what is now, creating the. The Portuguese brought modern weapons and to Ethiopia, and in 1622 converted the emperor to Catholicism, sparking a civil war which ended in his abdication and expulsion of all Catholics from Ethiopia.

A new capital was established at in 1632, and a period of peace and prosperity ensued until the country was split apart by warlords in the 18th century during the.Ethiopia was reunified in 1855 under, beginning and his reign was followed by who was killed in action in 1889. Under Ethiopia started its transformation to well organized technological advancement and the structure that the country has now. Also expanded to the south and east, through the conquest of the western Oromo (now Shoan Oromo), Wolayta and other groups, resulting in the borders of modern Ethiopia. Ethiopia defeated an and came to be recognised as a legitimate state by European powers. A more rapid modernisation took place under Menelik II.

Italy launched a second invasion. From 1935-1941, Ethiopia was under. A joint force of British and Ethiopian rebels managed to drive the Italians out of the country in 1941, and Haile Selassie was returned to the throne. Ethiopia and Eritrea united in a federation, but when Haile Selassie ended the federation in 1961 and made Eritrea a province of Ethiopia, the 30-year broke out. Eritrea regained its independence after a referendum in 1993.Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974 and the militaristic Regime came to power. In 1977, trying to the, but were pushed back by Ethiopian, Soviet, and Cuban forces. In 1977 and 1978 the government tortured or killed hundreds of thousands of suspected enemies in the.

Ethiopia experienced that killed one million people and that resulted in the fall of the Derg in 1991. This resulted in the establishment of the Federal Democratic Republic under. Ethiopia remains impoverished, but its economy has become one of the world's fastest-growing. Prehistory It was not until 1963 that evidence of the presence of ancient was discovered in Ethiopia, many years after similar discoveries had been made in neighbouring. The discovery was made by Gerrard Dekker, a Dutch, who found stone tools that were over a million years old at. Since then many important finds have propelled Ethiopia to the forefront of.

The oldest hominid discovered to date in Ethiopia is the 4.2 million year old found by in 1994. The most well known hominid discovery is, found in the of Ethiopia's region in 1974 by, and is one of the most complete and best preserved, adult fossils ever uncovered. Lucy's taxonomic name, means 'southern ape of Afar', and refers to the Ethiopian region where the discovery was made.

Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.There have been many other notable fossil findings in the country. Near stone tools were uncovered in 1992 that were 2.52 million years old, these are the oldest such tools ever discovered anywhere in the world. In 2010 fossilised animal bones, that were 3.4 million years old, were found with stone-tool-inflicted marks on them in the Lower Awash Valley by an international team, led by Shannon McPherron, which is the oldest evidence of stone tool use ever found anywhere in the world. In 2004 fossils found near the river at Kibbish by in 1967 were redated to 195,000 years old, the oldest date in East Africa for modern., found in the in Ethiopia in 1997, lived about 160,000 years ago. Bronze Age contacts with Egypt. Wall relief depicting an Egyptian expedition to the during the reign of.The earliest records of Ethiopia appear in, during the period.Egyptian traders from about 3000 BC refer to lands south of Nubia or Kush as and Yam.The Ancient Egyptians were in possession of (found in ), which interprets to indicate trade between the two countries was extant from Ancient Egypt's beginnings.

Pharaonic records indicate this possession of myrrh as early as the First and Second dynasties (3407–2888 BC), which was also a prized product of the Region; inscriptions and pictorial reliefs also indicate ivory, panther and other animal skins, myrrh-trees and ostrich feathers from the African coastal belt; and in the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty (2789–2767 BC) a Puntite is mentioned to be in the service of the son of, the builder of the. Posited that this early trade relationship could have been realized through overland trade down the and its tributaries (i.e. The and had documented seafaring among the early: 'During the prosperous period of the, between the and, the -routes were kept in order, and sailed the as far as the -country.' The first known voyage to occurred in the 25th century BC under the reign of. The most famous expedition to Punt, however, comes during the reign of Queen probably around 1495 BC, as the expedition was recorded in detailed reliefs on the temple of at. The inscriptions depict a trading group bringing back trees, sacks of myrrh, elephant tusks, incense, gold, various fragmented wood, and exotic animals.

Detailed information about these two nations is sparse, and there are many theories concerning their locations and the ethnic relationship of their peoples. The Egyptians sometimes called the Land of Punt, 'God's-Land', due to the 'large quantities of gold, ivory, and myrrh that could be easily obtained'.Evidence of contacts include from Ethiopia and the. Antiquity Etymology historians such as and used the word (Αἰθιοπία) is used to refer to the peoples who live immediately to the south of, specifically the area now known as the ancient, now a part of modern-day in Egypt and, as well as all of in general. The name Aethiopia comes from the ancient Greek word 'Aethiops' (burned-look).In the name Ethiopia was primarily used to refer to the modern day nation of which is based in the valley and located south of Egypt, also called, and then secondarily in reference to in general. Reference to the designated as Ethiopia dates only as far back as the first half of the 4th century following the 4th century invasion of Kush in Sudan by the Aksumite empire. Earlier inscription of Habashat (the source for 'Abyssinia') in, was then translated in as 'Aethiopia'.The state of which is mentioned in the is sometimes believed to have been in Ethiopia, but it is more often placed in. According to the Ethiopian narrative, best represented in the, the slept with and bore a child named Ebn Melek (later Emperor ).

When he was of age, Menelik returned to to see his father, who sent with him the son of to accompany him with a replica of the (Ethiosemitic: ). On his return with some of the, however, he found that Zadok's son had stolen the real Ark of the Covenant. Some believe the Ark is still being preserved today at the in Axum, Ethiopia. The tradition that the biblical Queen of Sheba was a ruler of Ethiopia who visited King Solomon in in is supported by the 1st century AD Jewish historian, who identified Solomon's visitor as a queen of Egypt and Ethiopia.Dʿmt.

Temple at, possible capital of.The first kingdom known to have existed in Ethiopia was the kingdom of D'mt, with its capital at, where a style temple was built around 700 BC. It rose to power around the 10th century BC.

The D'mt kingdom was influenced by the Sabaeans in Yemen, however it is not known to what extent. While it was once believed that D'mt was a Sabaean colony, it is now believed that Sabaean influence was minor, limited to a few localities, and disappeared after a few decades or a century, perhaps representing a trading or military colony in some sort of symbiosis or military alliance with the civilization of Dʿmt or some other proto-Aksumite state. Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive and very little archaeological work has taken place.

As a result, it is not known whether Dʿmt ended as a civilization before 's early stages, evolved into the Aksumite state, or was one of the smaller states united in the possibly around the beginning of the 1st century. In Aksum.The first verifiable kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia was that of Axum in the 1st century AD. It was one of many successor kingdoms to and was able to unite the northern beginning around the 1st century BC.

They established bases on the northern highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau and from there expanded southward. The religious figure listed Axum with, Persia, and as one of the four great powers of his time. The origins of the Axumite Kingdom are unclear, although experts have offered their speculations about it. Even whom should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although proposed that of Axum, mentioned in the, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists (a view embraced by such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov and Sergew Hable Sellasie), argued that Zoskales was only a sub-king whose authority was limited to, and that Conti Rossini's identification can not be substantiated.Inscriptions have been found in southern celebrating victories over one, described as ' nagashi of i.e.

Abyssinia and of Axum.' Other dated inscriptions are used to determine a floruit for GDRT (interpreted as representing a Ge'ez name such as Gadarat, Gedur, Gadurat or Gedara) around the beginning of the 3rd century. A bronze scepter or wand has been discovered at Atsbi Dera with an inscription mentioning 'GDR of Axum'. Coins showing the royal portrait began to be minted under King toward the end of the 3rd century. Gold coin of the Aksumite KingChristianity was introduced into the country by, who was consecrated first bishop of Ethiopia by about 330. Frumentius converted, who left several inscriptions detailing his reign both before and after his conversion. One inscription found at Axum, states that he conquered the nation of the, and returned thanks to his father, the god Mars, for his victory.

Later inscriptions show Ezana's growing attachment to Christianity, and Ezana's coins bear this out, shifting from a design with disc and crescent to a design with a cross. Expeditions by Ezana into the at in Sudan may have brought about its demise, though there is evidence that the kingdom was experiencing a period of decline beforehand. As a result of Ezana's expansions, Aksum bordered the Roman. The degree of Ezana's control over Yemen is uncertain.

Though there is little evidence supporting Aksumite control of the region at that time, his title, which includes king of Saba and Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan (all in modern-day Yemen), along with gold Aksumite coins with the inscriptions, 'king of the ' or 'Habashite', indicate that Aksum might have retained some legal or actual footing in the area.Toward the close of the 5th century, a great company of monks known as the are believed to have established themselves in the country. Since that time, has been a power among the people, and not without its influence on the course of events.

An Aksumite palace atThe Axumite Kingdom is recorded once again as controlling part – if not all – of Yemen in the 6th century. Around 523, the king came to power in Yemen and, announcing that he would kill all the Christians, attacked an Aksumite garrison at, burning the city's churches. He then attacked the Christian stronghold of, slaughtering the Christians who would not convert. Emperor of the Eastern Roman empire requested that his fellow Christian, help fight the Yemenite king, and around 525, Kaleb invaded and defeated Dhu Nuwas, appointing his Christian follower Sumuafa' Ashawa' as his viceroy. This dating is tentative, however, as the basis of the year 525 for the invasion is based on the death of the ruler of Yemen at the time, who very well could have been Kaleb's viceroy. Records that after about five years, deposed the viceroy and made himself king ( Histories 1.20). Despite several attempted invasions across the Red Sea, Kaleb was unable to dislodge Abreha, and acquiesced in the change; this was the last time Ethiopian armies left Africa until the 20th century when several units participated in the.

Eventually Kaleb abdicated in favor of his son and retired to a monastery, where he ended his days. Abraha later made peace with Kaleb's successor and recognized his suzerainty. Despite this reverse, under Ezana and Kaleb the kingdom was at its height, benefiting from a large trade, which extended as far as and Ceylon, and were in constant communication with the.Details of the Axumite Kingdom, never abundant, become even more scarce after this point.

The last king known to mint coins is, whose coinage refers to the Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614. An early tradition is that the offered asylum to a group of Muslims fleeing persecution during 's life (615), but Stuart Munro-Hay believes that Axum had been abandoned as the capital by then – although Kobishchanov states that Ethiopian raiders plagued the Red Sea, preying on Arabian ports at least as late as 702.Some people believed the end of the Axumite Kingdom is as much of a mystery as its beginning. Lacking a detailed history, the kingdom's fall has been attributed to a persistent drought, overgrazing, deforestation, plague, a shift in trade routes that reduced the importance of the Red Sea—or a combination of these factors.

Munro-Hay cites the Muslim historian Abu Ja'far al-Khwarazmi/Kharazmi (who wrote before 833) as stating that the capital of 'the kingdom of Habash' was Jarma. Unless Jarma is a nickname for Axum (hypothetically from Ge'ez girma, 'remarkable, revered'), the capital had moved from Axum to a new site, yet undiscovered. Middle Ages Zagwe Dynasty.

The King credited with having constructed the rock-hewn churches of.About 1000 (presumably c. 960, though the date is uncertain), a non- princess, ('Gudit', a play on Yodit meaning 'evil'), conspired to murder all the members of the royal family and establish herself as monarch. According to legends, during the execution of the royals, an infant heir of the Axumite monarch was carted off by some faithful adherents and conveyed to, where his authority was acknowledged. Concurrently, Yodit reigned for forty years over the rest of the kingdom and transmitted the crown to her descendants. Though parts of this story were most likely made up by the to legitimize its rule, it is known that a female ruler did conquer the country about this time.At one point during the next century, the last of Yodit's successors were overthrown by an lord named, who founded the (named after the Agaw people who ruled during this time) and married a female descendant of the Aksumite monarchs ('son-in-law') or previous ruler.

Exactly when the new dynasty came to power is unknown, as is the number of kings in the dynasty. The new Zagwe dynasty established its capital at Roha (also called Adeffa), where they build a series of. These structures are traditionally ascribed to the King, with the city being renamed in his honour; though in truth some of them were built before and after him. The architecture of the Zagwe shows a continuation of earlier Aksumite traditions, as can be seen at Lalibela and at. The building of rock-hewn churches, which first appeared in the late Aksumite era and continued into the Solomonic dynasty, reached its peak under the Zagwe.The Zagwe dynasty controlled a smaller area than the Aksumites or the Solomonic dynasty, with its core in the Lasta region. The Zagwe seem to have ruled over a mostly peaceful state with a flourishing urban culture, in contrast to the more warlike Solomonids with their mobile capitals. David Buxton remarked that the Zagwe achieved 'a degree of stability and technical advancement seldom equalled in Abyssinian history'.

The church and state were very closely linked, and they may have had a more than the Aksumites or Solomonids, with three Zagwe kings being canonized as saints and possibly being an ordained priest. The and a inside depicting; it is one of eleven monumental churches built in, Ethiopia that were allegedly sculpted after a vision by the ruler (r.

1185–1225 AD), in which St George instructed him to do so. The city of Lalibela was reestablished as a symbolic new holy site, following the to the Muslim forces of in 1187 AD, yet archaeology reveals the to have been built between the 10th and early 12th centuries AD, with perhaps only the last phase carried out during the 13th century AD and reign of Gebre Mesqel Lalibela. Foreign Affairs Unlike the Aksumites, the Zagwe were very isolated from the other Christian Nations, although they did maintain a degree of contact through and Cairo. Like many other nations and denominations, the Ethiopian Church maintained a series of small chapels and even an annex at the., after retaking the Holy City in 1187, expressly invited the Ethiopian monks to return and even exempted Ethiopian pilgrims from the pilgrim tax. His two edicts provide evidence of Ethiopia's contact with these during this period. It was during this period that the Ethiopian king ordered the construction of the legendary rock-hewn churches of.Later, as the Crusades were dying out in the early fourteenth century, the Ethiopian Emperor dispatched a thirty-man mission to Europe, where they travelled to Rome to meet the Pope and then, since the Medieval Papacy was in schism, they travelled to to meet the. During this trip, the Ethiopian mission also travelled to France, Spain and Portugal in the hopes of building an alliance against the Muslim states then threatening Ethiopia's existence.

Plans were even drawn up of a two-pronged invasion of Egypt with the French King, but nothing ever came of the talks, although this brought Ethiopia back to Europe's attention, leading to expansion of European influence when the Portuguese explorers reached the Indian Ocean. Early Solomonic period (1270–1529).

Main article:The Oromo migrations were a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the from southern areas of Ethiopia to more northern regions. The migrations had a severe impact on the of Abyssinia, as well as being the death blow to the recently defeated. The migrations concluded in around 1710, when the Oromo conquered the kingdom of in the.Gondarine Period Gondar as a third permanent capital (after Aksum and Lalibela) of the Christian Kingdom was founded by Fasiladas in 1636. It was the most important center of commerce for the Kingdom. Early Gondar period (1632–1769). The Royal Enclosure of.The who had accompanied or followed the Gama expedition into Ethiopia, and fixed their headquarters at (near ), were oppressed and neglected, but not actually expelled. In the beginning of the 17th century Father arrived at Fremona, a man of great tact and judgment, who soon rose into high favour at court, and won over the emperor to his faith.

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He directed the erection of churches, palaces and bridges in different parts of the country, and carried out many useful works. His successor was less tactful, and excited the feelings of the people against him and his fellow Europeans. Upon the death of Emperor and accession of his son in 1633, the Jesuits were expelled and the native religion restored to official status. Fasilides made his capital and built a castle there which would grow into the castle complex known as the, or Royal Enclosure.

Fasilides also constructed several churches in Gondar, many bridges across the country, and expanded the in Aksum.During this time of religious strife flourished, and it was during this period that the philosophers and lived. Zera Yaqob is known for his treatise on religion, morality, and reason, known as. Aussa Sultanate.

State flag of the.The (Afar Sultanate) succeeded the earlier. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when moved his capital from to with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Harari city-state. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam 's recorded ascension to the throne.The Sultanate was subsequently re-established by around the year 1734, and was thereafter ruled by his. The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver, which was considered to have magical properties. Zemene Mesafint.

Warriors in AbyssiniaNobles came to abuse their positions by making emperors, and encroached upon the succession of the dynasty, by candidates among the nobility itself: e.g. On the death of, the chief nobles of Ethiopia feared that the cycle of vengeance that had characterized the reigns of Tewoflos and would continue if a member of the Solomonic dynasty were picked for the throne, so they selected one of their own, to be negusa nagast (king of kings) – however his tenure was brief.ascended the throne as a child. His mother, played a major role in Iyasu's reign, as well as in that of her grandson too.

Mentewab had herself crowned as co-ruler, becoming the first woman to be crowned in this manner in Ethiopian history.Empress Mentewab was crowned co-ruler upon the succession of her son (a first for a woman in Ethiopia) in 1730, and held unprecedented power over government during his reign. Her attempt to continue in this role following the death of her son 1755 led her into conflict with Wubit (Welete Bersabe), his widow, who believed that it was her turn to preside at the court of her own son Iyoas. The conflict between these two queens led to Mentewab summoning her Kwaran relatives and their forces to Gondar to support her. Wubit responded by summoning her own relatives and their considerable forces from.The treasury of the Empire being allegedly penniless on the death of Iyasu, it suffered further from ethnic conflict between nationalities that had been part of the Empire for hundreds of years—the Agaw, Amharans, Showans, and —and the Oromo newcomers. Mentewab's attempt to strengthen ties between the monarchy and the Oromo by arranging the marriage of her son to the daughter of an Oromo chieftain backfired in the long run. Iyasu II gave precedence to his mother and allowed her every prerogative as a crowned co-ruler, while his wife Wubit suffered in obscurity. Wubit waited for the accession of her own son to make a bid for the power wielded for so long by Mentewab and her relatives from.

When Iyoas assumed the throne upon his father's sudden death, the aristocrats of were stunned to find that he more readily spoke in the rather than in, and tended to favor his mother's Yejju relatives over the Qwarans of his grandmothers family. Iyoas further increased the favor given to the Oromo when adult. On the death of the Ras of Amhara, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his advisor to convince him to change his mind.It is believed that the power struggle between the Qwarans led by the Empress Mentewab, and the Yejju Oromos led by the Emperor's mother Wubit was about to erupt into an armed conflict. Ras was summoned to mediate between the two camps.

He arrived and shrewdly maneuvered to sideline the two queens and their supporters making a bid for power for himself. Mikael settled soon as the leader of Amharic-Tigrean (Christian) camp of the struggle.The reign of Iyaos' reign becomes a narrative of the struggle between the powerful Ras Mikael Sehul and the Oromo relatives of Iyoas.

As Iyoas increasingly favored Oromo leaders like, his relations with Mikael Sehul deteriorated. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769). One week later, Mikael Sehul had him killed; although the details of his death are contradictory, the result was clear: for the first time an Emperor had lost his throne in a means other than his own natural death, death in battle, or voluntary abdication.Mikael Sehul had compromised the power of the Emperor, and from this point forward it lay ever more openly in the hands of the great nobles and military commanders. This point of time has been regarded as one start of the Era of the Princes.An aged and infirm imperial uncle prince was enthroned as Emperor. Ras Mikael soon had him murdered, and underage was elevated to the throne.This bitter religious conflict contributed to hostility toward foreign Christians and Europeans, which persisted into the 20th century and was a factor in Ethiopia's isolation until the mid-19th century, when the first British mission, sent in 1805 to conclude an alliance with Ethiopia and obtain a port on the Red Sea in case conquered Egypt.

The success of this mission opened Ethiopia to many more travellers, missionaries and merchants of all countries, and the stream of Europeans continued until well into 's reign.This isolation was pierced by very few European travellers. One was the French physician, who went there in 1698, via and the Blue Nile. After him entered the country in 1769, with the object of discovering the sources of the Nile, which he was convinced lay in Ethiopia. Accordingly, leaving Massawa in September 1769, he travelled via Axum to Gondar, where he was well received by Emperor Tekle Haymanot II. He accompanied the king on a warlike expedition round, moving South round the eastern shore, crossing the Blue Nile close to its point of issue from the lake and returning via the western shore. Bruce subsequently returned to Egypt at the end of 1772 by way of the upper, through the kingdom of Sennar, the Nile, and the.During the 18th century the most prominent rulers were the emperor of Gondar (died May 18, 1721), of Shewa, who consolidated his kingdom and founded, and of Amhara – the last-mentioned is famous as having been elevated to the throne altogether six times and also deposed six times.

The first years of the 19th century were disturbed by fierce campaigns between of Begemder, and Ras of Tigray, who fought over control of the figurehead Emperor. Wolde Selassie was eventually the victor, and practically ruled the whole country till his death in 1816 at the age of eighty.of succeeded Wolde Selassie in 1817, through force of arms, to become warlord of Tigre.Modern 1855–1936 Under the Emperors (1855–1868), (1872–1889), and (1889–1913), the empire began to emerge from its isolation. Under Emperor Tewodros II, the ' ( ) was brought to an end.Tewodros II and Tekle Giyorgis II (1855–1872). 's rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia, ending the decentralized (Era of the Princes).Emperor Tewodros (or Theodore) II was born Lij Kassa in Qwara, in 1818. His father was a small local chief, and his relative (possibly uncle) Dejazmach was governor of the provinces of, Qwara and between Lake Tana and the northwestern frontier. Kassa lost his inheritance upon the death of Kinfu while he was still a young boy.

After receiving a traditional education in a local monastery, he went off to lead a band of bandits that roved the country in a Robin Hood-like existence. His exploits became widely known, and his band of followers grew steadily until he led a formidable army. He came to the notice of the ruling Regent, Ras Ali, and his mother Empress (wife of the Emperor ). In order to bind him to them, the Empress arranged for Kassa to marry Ali's daughter. He turned his attention to conquering the remaining, Gojjam, Tigray and Shewa, which still remained unsubdued. His relations with his father-in-law and grandmother-in-law deteriorated however, and he soon took up arms against them and their vassals, and was successful. Map of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in the 19th century.On February 11, 1855, Kassa deposed the last of the Gondarine puppet Emperors, and was crowned negusa nagast of Ethiopia under the name of Tewodros II.

He soon after advanced against Shewa with a large army. Chief of the notables opposing him was its king, a descendant of. Dissensions broke out among the Shewans, and after a desperate and futile attack on Tewodros at, Haile Melekot died of illness, nominating with his last breath his eleven-year-old son as successor (November 1855) under the name Negus Sahle Maryam (the future emperor )., Haile Melekot's brother, and Ato Bezabih, a Shewan noble, took charge of the young prince, but after a hard fight with Angeda, the Shewans were obliged to capitulate. Sahle Maryam was handed over to the Emperor Tewodoros and taken to Gondar.

He was trained there in Tewodros's service, and then placed in comfortable detention at the fortress of. Tewodoros afterwards devoted himself to modernizing and centralizing the legal and, against the resistance of his governors. Sahle Maryam of Shewa was married to Tewodros II's daughter Alitash.In 1865, Sahle Maryam escaped from Magdala, abandoning his wife, and arrived in Shewa, and was there acclaimed as. Tewodros forged an alliance between Britain and Ethiopia, but as explained in the next section, he committed suicide after a military defeat by the British. On the death of Tewodros, many Shewans, including Ras Darge, were released, and the young Negus of Shewa began to feel himself strong enough, after a few preliminary minor campaigns, to undertake offensive operations against the northern princes.

However, these projects were of little avail, for Ras Kassai of Tigray had by this time (1872) risen to supreme power in the north. Proclaiming himself negusa nagast under the name of Yohannes IV (or John IV), he forced Sahle Maryam to acknowledge his overlordship.In early 1868, the British force seeking Tewodros’ surrender, after he refused to release imprisoned British subjects, arrived on the coast of Massawa. The British and Dajazmach Kassa came to an agreement in which Kassa would let the British pass through Tigray (the British were going to Magdala which Tewodros had made his capital) in exchange for money and weapons.

Surely enough, when the British completed their mission and were leaving the country, they rewarded Kassa for his cooperation with artillery, muskets, rifles, and munitions, all in all worth approximately £500,000. This formidable gift came in handy when in July 1871 the current emperor, Emperor Tekle Giyorgis II, attacked Kassa at his capital in Adwa, for Kassa had refused to be named a ras or pay tribute. Although Kassa's army was outnumbered 12,000 to the emperor's 60,000, Kassa's army was equipped with more modern weapons and better trained. At battle's end, forty percent of the emperor's men had been captured. The emperor was imprisoned and would die a year later. Six months later on 21 January 1872, Kassa became the new emperor under the name Yohannes IV.

Main articles:, andEthiopia was never colonized by a European power, but was occupied by Italians in 1936 (see below); however, several colonial powers had interests and designs on Ethiopia in the context of the 19th-century '.' When, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1867 failed to answer a letter Tewodros II of Ethiopia had sent her, he took it as an insult and imprisoned several British residents, including the. An army of 12,000 was sent from Bombay to Ethiopia, under the command of Sir. The Ethiopians were defeated, and the British stormed the fortress of Magdala (now known as ) on April 13, 1868. When the Emperor heard that the gate had fallen, he fired a pistol into his mouth and killed himself.

Sir Robert Napier was raised to the peerage, and given the title of Lord Napier of Magdala.The now came on the scene., a port near the southern entrance of the Red Sea, had been bought from the local sultan in March 1870 by an Italian company, which, after acquiring more land in 1879 and 1880, was bought out by the Italian government in 1882. Ethiopia in 1908, according to a Rand McNally mapOn May 2 of that same year, Emperor Menelik signed the with the Italians, granting them a portion of Northern Ethiopia, the area that would later be Eritrea and part of the province of Tigray in return for the promise of 30,000 rifles, ammunition, and cannons.

The Italians notified the European powers that this treaty gave them a protectorate over all of Ethiopia. Menelik protested, showing that the Amharic version of the treaty said no such thing, but his protests were ignored.On March 1, 1896, Ethiopia's conflict with the Italians, the, was resolved by the complete defeat of the Italian armed forces at the. A provisional treaty of peace was concluded at on October 26, 1896, which acknowledged the independence of Ethiopia.Menelik granted the first railway concession, from the coast at (French Somaliland) to the interior, to a French company in 1894. The railway was completed to, 45 kilometres (28 miles) from, by the last day of 1902.Under the reign of Menelik, beginning in the 1880s, Ethiopia set off from the central province of, to incorporate 'the lands and people of the South, East and West into an empire'. The people incorporated were the western Oromo (non Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups.

He began expanding his kingdom to the south and east, expanding into areas that had never been under his rule, resulting in the borders of Ethiopia of today. He did this with the help of 's Shewan Oromo militia. During the conquest of the Oromo, the Ethiopian Army carried mass atrocities against the Oromo population including mass mutilation, mass killings and large-scale slavery.

Some estimates for the number of people killed as a result of the conquest go into the millions. Large-scale atrocities were also committed against the and the people of the Kaficho kingdom. Iyasu V, Zauditu and Haile Selassie (1913–1936).

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(Lij Iyasu), Emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916.When Menelik II died, his grandson, succeeded to the throne but soon lost support because of his Muslim ties. He was deposed in 1916 by the Christian nobility, and Menelik's daughter, was made empress. Her cousin, Ras Tafari Makonnen, was made regent and successor to the throne.Upon the death of Empress Zauditu in 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen, adopting the throne name, was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. His full title was 'His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, King of Kings of Ethiopia and Elect of God.'

Following the death of of Jimma, Emperor Haile Selassie seized the opportunity to annex Jimma. In 1932, the was formally absorbed into Ethiopia. During the reorganization of the provinces in 1942, Jimma vanished into.Italian occupation (1936–1941). Population in 1976 Ethiopia, when Eritrea was the fourteenth province.After World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie made numerous efforts to promote the modernization of his nation. The country's first important school of higher education, was founded in 1950. The was replaced with the which expanded the powers of the Parliament. While improving diplomatic ties with the, Haile Selassie also sought to improve the nation's relationship with other African nations.

To do this, in 1963, he helped to found the.In 1961 the 30-year began, following the Ethiopian Emperor 's dissolution of the federation and shutting down the Eritrean parliament. The Emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The suffered criticism due to the expenses involved in fighting the Nationalist forces.By the early 1970s Emperor Haile Selassie's advanced age was becoming apparent. Henze explains: 'Most Ethiopians thought in terms of personalities, not ideology, and out of long habit still looked to Haile Selassie as the initiator of change, the source of status and privilege, and the arbiter of demands for resources and attention among competing groups.' The nature of the succession, and of the desirability of the Imperial monarchy in general, were in dispute amongst the Ethiopian people.Perceptions of this war as imperialist were among the primary causes of the growing Ethiopian movement.

In the early 1970s, the Ethiopian received the support of the under the leadership of. This help led to the 1974 marxist coup of.The government's failure to effect significant economic and political reforms over the previous fourteen years created a climate of unrest. Combined with rising inflation, corruption, a famine that affected several provinces (especially and ) but was concealed from the outside world, and the growing discontent of urban interest groups, the country was ripe for revolution.

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The unrest that began in January 1974 became an outburst of general discontent. The Ethiopian military, with assistance from the, began to both organize and incite a full-fledged revolution. Communist period (1974–1991). A tank in Addis Ababa after rebels seized the capital during theAfter a period of civil unrest that began in February 1974, a provisional administrative council of soldiers, known as the ('committee'), seized power from the aging Emperor Haile Selassie I on September 12, 1974, and installed a government that was socialist in name and military in style. The Derg summarily executed 59 members of the former government, including two former Prime Ministers and Crown Councilors, Court officials, ministers, and generals.

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Emperor Haile Selassie died on August 22, 1975. He was allegedly strangled in the basement of his palace or smothered with a wet pillow.Lt. Assumed power as head of state and Derg chairman, after having his two predecessors killed, as well as tens of thousands of other suspected opponents. The new Marxist government undertook socialist reforms, including of landlords' property and the church's property. Before the coup, Ethiopian peasants' way of life was thoroughly influenced by the church teachings; 280 days a year are religious feasts or days of rest. Mengistu's years in office were marked by a totalitarian-style government and the country's massive militarization, financed by the and the Eastern Bloc, and assisted.

In December 1976, an Ethiopian delegation in signed a military assistance agreement with the Soviet Union. The following April 1977, Ethiopia abrogated its military assistance agreement with the United States and expelled the American military missions.The new regime in Ethiopia met with armed resistance from the large landowners, the royalists and the nobility. The resistance was largely centered in the province of Eritrea.

The Derg decided in November 1974 to pursue war in Eritrea rather than seek a negotiated settlement. By mid-1976, the resistance had gained control of most of the towns and the countryside of Eritrea.In July 1977, sensing the disarray in Ethiopia, attacked across the in pursuit of its claims to the ethnic Somali areas of Ethiopia ( see ). They were assisted in this invasion by the armed. Ethiopian forces were driven back far inside their own frontiers but, with the assistance of a massive Soviet airlift of arms and 17,000 Cuban combat forces, they stemmed the attack. The last major Somali regular units left the Ogaden March 15, 1978. Twenty years later, the Somali region of Ethiopia remained under-developed and insecure.From 1977 through early 1978, thousands of suspected enemies of the Derg were tortured and/or killed in a purge called the ('Red Terror').

Communism was officially adopted during the late 1970s and early 1980s; in 1984, the (WPE) was established, and on February 1, 1987, a was submitted to a popular referendum. It was officially endorsed by 81% of voters, and in accordance with this new constitution, the country was renamed the on September 10, 1987, and Mengistu became president.The regime's collapse was hastened by droughts and, which affected around 8 million people and left 1 million dead, as well as by insurrections, particularly in the northern regions of Tigray and Eritrea. The regime also conducted a brutal campaign of in the 1980s. In 1989, the (TPLF) merged with other ethnically based opposition movements to form the (EPRDF). In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa. Mengistu fled the country to asylum in, where he still resides.Hundreds of thousands were killed due to the Red Terror, forced deportations, or from using hunger as a weapon. In 2006, after a long trial, Mengistu was found guilty of genocide.

Modern period (1991–present) In July 1991, the EPRDF, the (OLF), and others established the (TGE), which was composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution. In June 1992, the OLF withdrew from the government; in March 1993, members of the also left the government. Flag of EthiopiaEritrea separated from Ethiopia following the fall of the Derg in 1991, after a long independentist war.In 1994, a was written that formed a bicameral legislature and a judicial system. A to elect the Parliament also elected as prime minister and as president. Ethiopia's was held in 2000 and Meles was re-elected as prime minister. In October 2001, Lieutenant was elected president. In the, allegations of irregularities that brought victory to the resulted in widespread protests in which the government is accused of massacring civilians (see ).With the collapse of the Soviet Union, and with the rise of radical, Ethiopia again turned to the Western powers for alliance and assistance.

After the in 2001, the Ethiopian army began to train with US forces based out of the (CJTF-HOA) established in Djibouti, in. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at.In 2006, an Islamic organisation seen by many as having ties with al-Qaeda, the (ICU), in Somalia. Ethiopia sent logistical support to the opposing the Islamists. Finally, on December 20, 2006, active between the ICU and Ethiopian Army.

As the Islamist forces were of no match against the Ethiopian regular army, they decided to retreat and merge among the civilians, and most of the ICU-held Somalia was quickly taken. Accused Ethiopia of various abuses including indiscriminate killing of civilians during the. Ethiopian forces pulled out of Somalia in January 2009, leaving a small African Union force and smaller Somali Transitional Government force to maintain the peace. Reports immediately emerged of religious fundamentalist forces occupying one of two former Ethiopian bases in Mogadishu shortly after withdrawal.died on 20 August 2012 and was succeeded as prime minister. On 7 October 2013, was elected president of the country. On 2 April 2018, was declared Prime Minister. Is the 4th and current President of Ethiopia, the first woman to hold the office.with the political unrest.

There were between the Oromo, who make up the largest ethnic group in the country, and the ethnic Somalis, leading to up to 400,000 to be displaced in 2017. Between the Oromo and the in the south of the country led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018, with 1.4 million newly displaced people. In September 2018 in the minorities protest that took place in Oromo near the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed. Some have blamed the rise in ethnic violence by the Oromo on the new Oromo Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed for giving space to groups formerly banned by previous led governments, such as the. See also. Addis Ababa and.

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